Whether you’re a follower or not, the Vatican is a remarkable place with so much to see and do! More confusion and debate ensued when the unified Italian government claimed virtually all of the land outside the city’s walls in the 19th century. It wasn’t until 1929 that an agreement was reached which involved the signing of the Lateran Pacts. The pacts established Vatican City as a sovereign entity distinct from the Holy See, and granted the church $92 million as compensation for the loss of the Papal States. The pope exercises principal legislative, executive, and judicial power over the State of Vatican City (an entity distinct from the Holy See), which is a rare case of a non-hereditary monarchy. This was until 1870 when the Italian government stepped in and tried to take control. Vatican City was established as an independent state in the year 1929 by the Lateran Treaty. The politics of Vatican City takes place in an absolute elective monarchy, in which the head of the Catholic Church takes power. This was an assumption that soon fell through however, and a standoff began between the Church and secular government, which lasted for the next 60 years, with numerous popes accepting this self-imposed captivity. The wall surrounding the Vatican City was built in 846 AD after a load of Saracen pirates damaged the Basilica and other areas of the thriving community. The Pope retreated into Vatican City’s walls, refusing to acknowledge the Kingdom of Italy as a country. The Holy See, which translates to the Church having the ‘seat of government’. Instead of forcing him out of the Vatican, Italy assumed they would simply wait until the Pope cracked. The Pope retreated into Vatican City’s walls, refusing to acknowledge the Kingdom of Italy as a country. For example, legislative areas are delegated to the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican State. A deal worth waiting for it seems! The Pope exercises ex officio supreme legislative, executive and judicial power … The region soon came to be populated by expensive villas and even a circus for Roman entertainment. Known as the Passetto di Borgo in Italian, the passageway is an 800-metre long corridor that was used as an escape route for the Pope when he found himself in danger. So how did it become its own country? This was an assumption that soon fell through however, and a standoff began between the Church and secular government, which lasted for the next 60 years, with numerous popes accepting this self-imposed captivity. It wasn’t until Emperor Constantine I came to power that Christianity was embraced by the Romans and he began constructing a basilica over St. Peter’s tomb in 324 AD. In 1277 a half-mile long, secret passageway was assembled to link the Castel Sant’Angelo with the Vatican City. A deal worth waiting for it seems! Over time much of the district has been expanded and developed, including the construction of the grand residence adjacent to St Peter’s Basilica and further developments done to the city’s walls. Related article: Why you should visit the Vatican Historical Museum? Instead of forcing him out of the Vatican, Italy assumed they would simply wait until the Pope cracked. Traditionally, Popes held power over regional territories known as the Papal States. The general politics and governance of the Vatican City are undertaken by the head of the Catholic Church, the Pope. As of today, the Vatican remains the home of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church for some 1.2 million followers. It is the smallest independent city-state in the world, despite being surrounded by the capital city of Rome. Rome Day Tour with Vatican & Colosseum €101, Why you should visit the Vatican Historical Museum. As with most things in Italy, the beginnings of the Vatican started during the Roman Empire when the area was just a marshy region called Ager Vaticanus. That’s the short story, to find out more we need to go back in time before 1929, and look at the build up to this date. Other important features which make up the Vatican City include the Apostolic Palace built in 1450, the famed Sistine Chapel constructed in the 1470s and the foundations of the Vatican library started by Nicholas V. The most significant changes, however, came in the 16th century with Pope Julius II, who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling and tapped architect Donato Bramante to design the Belvedere Courtyard. The pacts established Vatican City as a sovereign entity distinct from the Holy See, and granted the church $92 million as compensation for the loss of the Papal States. It is a monarchy in which the Pope is the ‘king’, with the Pope themselves being voted in by the College of Cardinals. There are numerous bodies of authorities and senior members that are appointed by the Pope. The Pope is in control of executive, legislative, and judicial power over the city, but due to their large expanse of duties, delegation is necessary. The 39-foot wall still stands today and encloses the whole Vatican territory as well as the Borgo district.

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