[160] Additionally, even though the pharaoh oversaw all religious activity, Egyptians could access their gods through regular public holidays, festivals, and processions. [222] Akhenaten claimed the title "The Unique One of Re", and he may have directed his artists to contrast him with the common people through a radical departure from the idealized traditional pharaoh image. In addition, the enormous expanse of the exterior temple wall provided a stone canvas on which experiments in large-scale composition were undertaken. [192] Aten's name was also written differently starting as early as Year Eight or as late as Year Fourteen, according to some historians. He also declared himself to be the only one who could worship the Aten, and required that all religious devotion previously exhibited toward the gods be directed toward himself. "[200] The hymn also states that Akhenaten is the only intermediary between the god and Egyptians, and the only one who can understand the Aten: "You are in my heart, and there is none who knows you except your son. Most recently, Egyptologist Zahi Hawass led a team of researchers to examine the mummy using medical and DNA analysis, with the results published in 2010. It was most likely moved to tomb KV55 in Valley of the Kings near Thebes. Tutankhaten's origins are You can test out of the There is much controversy around whether Amenhotep IV succeeded to the throne on the death of his father Amenhotep III or whether there was a coregency, lasting perhaps as long as 12 years. Nor have you sent me the goods that your father was going to send me, but you have reduced [them] greatly. 's' : ''}}. Young Akhenaten Akhenaten was not very happy as a child. [158][159] Akhenaten's religious reforms subverted the relationship ordinary Egyptians had with their gods and their pharaoh, as well as the role the pharaoh played in the relationship between the people and the gods. [221], Arguing instead for a symbolic interpretation, Dominic Montserrat in Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and Ancient Egypt states that "there is now a broad consensus among Egyptologists that the exaggerated forms of Akhenaten's physical portrayal... are not to be read literally". Egypt lost some key allies to competitive empires in this time and its reputation was tarnished. Although his reign lasted only ten years, and he died before he was 20 years old, Tutankhamun’s efforts to bring Egypt back to its former balance would have meant a great deal to the people of the land. May he send me much gold in order that my brother [with the gold and m]any [good]s may honor me. So perform your service for the king, your lord, and you will live. With Nefertiti, Amenhotep IV had several daughters. [4] It is unknown how old Amenhotep IV was when he did this; estimates range from 10 to 23. No longer would he be known as Amenhotep IV and be associated with the god Amun, but rather he would completely shift his focus to the Aten. [62], The beginning of Amenhotep IV's reign followed established pharaonic traditions. For example, Henry Hall believed Akhenaten "succeeded by his obstinate doctrinaire love of peace in causing far more misery in his world than half a dozen elderly militarists could have done,"[100] while James Henry Breasted said Akhenaten "was not fit to cope with a situation demanding an aggressive man of affairs and a skilled military leader. [188][189] This emphasized the changes encouraged by the new regime, which included a ban on images, with the exception of a rayed solar disc, in which the rays appear to represent the unseen spirit of Aten, who by then was evidently considered not merely a sun god, but rather a universal deity. "[165] Consequently, the influence and power of the Amun priesthood continued to grow until the Twenty-first Dynasty, c. 1077 BC, by which time the High Priests of Amun effectively became rulers over parts of Egypt. [108] Sometime after his return to Amurru, Aziru defected to the Hittite side with his kingdom. Dodson suggested that the two were chosen to rule as Tutankhaten's coregent in case Akhenaten died and Tutankhaten took the throne at a young age, or rule in Tutankhaten's stead if the prince also died in the epidemic. [72][73][74][75], In regnal year five, Amenhotep IV decided to show his devotion to the Aten by changing his royal titulary. Akhenaten's Early Life and Reign. pharaoh whose lavish sarcophagus and funeral remains had stoked a worldwide fascination with all things ...read more, After almost a decade of painstaking work, conservators in Egypt have revealed the newly revamped tomb of Tutankhamen, better known as King Tut. What did Tutankhamen restore after Amenhotep... CLEP Western Civilization I: Study Guide & Test Prep, ACCESS World History: Online Textbook Help, CLEP Social Sciences and History: Study Guide & Test Prep, AP Comparative Government and Politics: Exam Prep, Biological and Biomedical Tutankhaten and his wife Ankhesenpaaten dropped the Aten from their names and changed them to Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun, respectively. One series of reliefs shows Amenhotep IV at the celebration of his jubilee, a ceremony normally observed by kings of the New Kingdom (c. 1539–1075 bce) only beginning in their 30th regnal year. The pharaoh contrasted this with the only remaining god, the sun disc Aten, who continued to move and exist forever. Their only two daughters were stillborn. We call this is Amarna Period. [15] When some dozen years later rulers without clear rights of succession from the Eighteenth Dynasty founded a new dynasty, they discredited Akhenaten and his immediate successors, referring to Akhenaten himself as "the enemy" or "that criminal" in archival records. [49] Redford and James K. Hoffmeier stated, however, that Ra's cult was so widespread and established throughout Egypt that Akhenaten could have been influenced by solar worship even if he did not grow up around Heliopolis. It is an era artistically, politically, and socially unique in one of Earth's oldest cultures, and the reality is that there's much about it we don't know. And it is true. flashcard set{{course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? [76] Gertie Englund and Florence Friedman arrived at the translation "Effective for the Aten" by analyzing contemporary texts and inscriptions, in which Akhenaten often described himself as being "effective for" the sun disc. Illustrated Papyri translations edited for the modern reader. 205–13, This page was last edited on 20 October 2020, at 16:16. [134] Archeological evidence makes it clear, however, that Smenkhkare was married to Meritaten, Akhenaten's eldest daughter. Select a subject to preview related courses: As Akhenaten focused on establishing his new religion, he began to neglect Egyptian affairs. [68] Amenhotep IV also ordered the construction of a large temple complex dedicated to the Aten at Karnak in Thebes, northeast of the parts of the Karnak complex dedicated to Amun. credit-by-exam regardless of age or education level. Third, while his initial building program sought to build new places of worship to the Aten, he did not yet destroy temples to the other gods. These works are unique in Egyptian art, as they do not flatter the king and his family but reveal them as real people, in all their beauty and decay. Artists started to depict him with the trappings of pharaos, placing his name in cartouches – a rare, but not unique occurrence, as the names of Ra-Horakhty and Amun-Ra had also been found enclosed in cartouches – and wearing a uraeus, a symbol of kingship. A successful Hittite attack on Mitanni and its ruler Tushratta would have disrupted the entire international balance of power in the Ancient Middle East at a time when Egypt had made peace with Mitanni; this would cause some of Egypt's vassals to switch their allegiances to the Hittites, as time would prove. The pharaoh later erased the names of other gods from temples; the reason is unclear. [169][170][171], Egyptians worshipped a sun god under several names, and solar worship had been growing in popularity even before Akhenaten, especially during the Eighteenth Dynasty and the reign of Amenhotep III, Akhenaten's father.

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